What's in Your Pet's Food?

Tootsie C., Web Mistress
(Kipper's Cousin - That's How She Got the Job)

What's in Your Pet's Food?

Glossary of Food and Supplement Ingredients

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
(click on a letter above to move to that section of the glossary)

A

Alfalfa leaf is a member of the legume family. The alfalfa leaf, a portion arising from the alfalfa seed, is an excellent source of key nutrients, including vitamin C, iron, magnesium and manganese. Alfalfa Leaf contains Chlorophyll, helps assimilate protein, calcium and other nutrients, and is a natural deodorizer.

Alfalfa meal is the aerial portion of the alfalfa plant, reasonably free of other crop plants, weeds and mold, which has been finely ground and dried by thermal means under controlled conditions other than sun curing. Alfalfa is an excellent source of phytochemicals and phytoestrogens and their antioxidant effect stimulates the immune system.

Alfalfa sprouts are a member of the pea family. Alfalfa sprouts are rich sources of antioxidants, anti-carcinogens, phytochemicals, enzymes, trace minerals and numerous other living nutrients which work against toxins, resist cell mutation and invigorate the body's immune system. One of the phytochemicals contained in alfalfa sprouts is 'saponins'. Saponins lower the "bad" cholesterol and fat but not the "good" HDL fats. Sprouts are good sources of vitamin C, folate, beta carotene and niacin.

Amaranth is a seed plant which is a good alternative source of carbohydrate energy.
Amaranth is a valuable carbohydrate ingredient with a unique flavor that compliments the flavor of barley, oats and rye. It is also high in linoleic acids, which are good for skin and coat.

Animal digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed animal tissue. The animal tissues used shall be exclusive of hair, horns, teeth, hooves and feathers, except in such trace amounts as might occur unavoidably in good factory practice and shall be suitable for animal feed. If it bears a name descriptive of its kind or flavor(s), it must correspond thereto. Animal digest is a cooked-down broth made from unspecified parts of unspecified animals. Any kind of animal can be included: goats, pigs, horses, rats, etc. The animals can be obtained from any source, so there is no control over quality or contamination.

Animal fat is obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. Animal fat is a byproduct of meat meal processing. The origin of the contributing animals is never known, and the resulting oil is very low in linoleic acid -- an essential fatty acid that is important for skin and coat health.

Anchovy fish meal is the clean, rendered (cooked down), dried ground tissue of undecomposed whole anchovy fish or anchovy fish cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil.

Apples are an excellent source of dietary fiber. About 81 percent of the fiber is soluble; most of it is of a type called pectin. Apples provide both soluble and insoluble fiber, some vitamin C and beta carotene, and potassium and boron. A member of the rose family, the apple has a compartmented core and is thus classified as a pome fruit.

Apple pomace is the waste product from juicing apples. Apple pomace has low nutritional value, and is mainly used as an inexpensive source of fiber.

Artificial flavors and colors are humanly-contrived additives, used to enhance a product and to appeal to the human eye. Artificial flavors and colors don't belong in dog and cat food. Use of these ingredients can conceal damage or inferiority, or make the product appear better than it actually is. They add no nutritional value and raise questions about the health and safety of chemical additives to our pets' diets when eaten everyday.

Avocados are a cholesterol-free, sodium-free fruit with low saturated fat. The avocado has the highest vitamin E content of any fruit and contains lutein, which acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals.

Avocado oil is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Avocado oil is a rich source for the essential oils that promote a healthy skin and coat. The avocado has the highest vitamin E content of any fruit. It also contains lutein, which is a carotenoid. Lutein acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells against the damaging effects of free radicals. It benefits eyesight and reduces the risk of cancer and heart disease.

B

Bananas are an elongated, usually tapering tropical fruit with soft pulpy flesh enclosed in a soft, usually yellow rind. Bananas are a rich source of carbohydrates, potassium, magnesium and many vitamins.

Barley flour consists principally of the soft, finely ground and bolted meal obtained from milling barley and consists essentially of the starch and gluten of the endosperm. Pre-processed ingredients, such as flours, have had much of their nutritional value leeched from them. Ground barley contributes additional protein, barley oil, bran and vitamins and minerals to the diet.

Barley malt is the product obtained when whole grain barley is steamed or soaked in water to start germination and then dried in a kiln. Processed ingredients can have much of their nutritional value leeched from them.

Beef is the clean flesh derived from slaughtered cows and is limited to that part of the striate muscle which is skeletal or that which is found in the tongue, in the diaphragm, in the heart, or in the esophagus; with or without the accompanying and overlying fat and the portions of the skin, sinew, nerve, and blood vessels which normally accompany the flesh.
Although beef sounds appealing, beef can include parts of the cow which are not considered suitable for human consumption. In addition, beef is an allergen for many dogs and a common cause of skin irritations.

Beef & bone meal is the rendered product from beef tissues, including bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents, except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Beef & bone meal is a byproduct made from beef parts which are not suitable for human consumption. It can incorporate the entire cow, including the bone -- although the quality cuts of meat are always removed before beef & bone meal is made. Beef is a common cause of skin allergies in dogs.

Beef broth is obtained by cooking beef, including bones and/or muscle, much the same process as making a stock. There is currently no specific definition by AAFCO for beef broth.
Beef broth adds moisture and increases the protein and palatability level of food. However, beef is an allergen for many dogs and a common cause of skin irritations.

Beef byproducts are the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered cows. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth and hooves. Beef byproducts are not meat. They can include almost any part of the animal other than meat, including organs and bone which are not suitable for human consumption. Beef is a common cause of allergies in animals.

Beef fat is obtained from the tissues of cattle in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. Beef, in all of its forms, is an allergen for many dogs and a common cause of skin irritations.

Beef liver is the hepatic organ of the cow. Liver can sometimes contain high levels of toxins that have been filtered from the blood.

Beef tallow is obtained from the tissue of cattle in the commercial process of rendering.
Although this is a very palatable source of fat, it is low in linoleic acid, which is necessary for skin and coat health. In addition, beef can be a source of allergies for some animals.

Beets, also known as beetroot, are a biennial or annual root vegetable of the family Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family). Beets are high in protein, iron, potassium, folacin and fiber. The leaves of the beetroot are especially high in calcium.

Beet pulp is the residue from sugar beets which has been cleaned, freed from crowns, leaves, and sand, and extracted in the process of manufacturing sugar. Beet pulp is added to some pet foods to act as a fibrous stool hardener.

BHA/BHT is short for Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT), both of which are chemical preservatives. BHA and BHT have been banned from human use in many countries. In the US, they are still permitted in pet foods.

Blueberries are the edible fruit of the blueberry bush. Blueberries are a good source of fiber and do not pose a health risk in pet foods. They may add an interesting color or flavor to the food, which can affect a pet's taste preference.

Borage is an annual herb.

Borage seed oil is extracted from the seeds of the plant by cold pressing. Borage seed oil is used as a source of Omega 6 essential fatty acids. However, it has a low concentration at about 25-30%.

Brewer's rice is the small milled fragments of rice kernels that have been separated from the larger kernels of milled rice. Brewer's rice is a lower quality rice product that is missing many of the nutrients found in ground rice and ground brown rice. (See the descriptions for those ingredients.)

Brewer's yeast is the non-fermentive, non-extracted yeast that results as a by-product of the brewing of beer and ale. Although brewer's yeast is a good source of Vitamin B, it is a potential allergen for some animals.

C

Cane molasses is a by-product of the manufacture of sucrose from sugar cane. It must contain not less than 43% total sugars expressed as invert.

Canola oil is the oil obtained from the repeated pressing of canola seeds. Canola oil, although a single-source oil, is lower in the essential linoleic acids which provide a lustrous coat and soft, supple skin.

Caramel color is an artificial chemical coloring added to foods to make them appear more brown in color.

Carrageenan is a red seaweed extract used as a food stabilizer and thickener. The particular type of seaweed that Carrageenan comes from is common in the Atlantic Ocean near Britain, Europe and North America. The seaweed is boiled to extract the carrageenan.

Carrots are the roots of the carrot plant, and a member of the parsley family.

Celery is a member of the carrot family and is related to anise, parsley and parsnips.
The nutrients found in celery are reduced due to the high water content of this vegetable, although this is a safe and healthy addition to a pet food.

Cellulose gum is a water-soluble derivation of the most abundant polymer in nature, cellulose. The main reason for using cellulose gum in a formulation is to increase its viscosity. It acts as a thickener, binder, stabilizer, protective colloid, suspending agent, and rheology, or flow control agent. Cellulose gum is a chemically treated polymer used by some pet food manufacturers as a thickener in canned food products.

Cereal food fines consist of particles of breakfast cereals obtained as a by-product of their processing. Cereal food fines can be an inconsistent and possibly inadequate source of nutrients and may contain unknown types of preservatives that have been added to the cereal prior to its incorporation into the pet food.

Cheese is defined as the fresh or matured product obtained by draining the whey of the original milk after coagulation of casein, milk's major protein. There is no official definition by AAFCO. Cheese provides many essential nutrients and is an important source of protein, vitamins and minerals. In its concentrated form, it contains many of milk's nutrients.

Cheese meal is the product obtained by dehydrating cheeses. Cheese has been described as being difficult for many dogs to digest.

Chicken is the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of chicken- exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. Chicken is an excellent source of protein.

Chicken broth is obtained by cooking chicken, including bones and/or muscle, much the same process as making a stock. There is currently no specific definition by AAFCO for chicken broth. Chicken broth adds moisture while enhancing the protein level and palatability of the food, rather than diluting them.

Chicken byproducts consist of the rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered chicken, such as heads, feet, and viscera, free from fecal content and foreign matter except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Chicken byproducts are an inconsistent ingredient because of the multiple organs used, their constantly changing proportions and their questionable nutritional value. Chicken Byproducts are much less expensive and less digestible than chicken meal.

Chicken byproduct meal consists of the dry, ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered chicken, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines -- exclusive of feathers except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Chicken byproduct meal is an inconsistent ingredient because of the multiple organs used, their constantly changing proportions, and their questionable nutritional value. Chicken byproduct meal is much less expensive and less digestible than chicken meal.

Chicken digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed chicken tissue.

Chicken fat is obtained from the tissues of chickens in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. Chicken fat is the highest of all animal sources in linoleic acid (over 23%), an important element for skin and coat health.

Chicken giblets are the internal organs of the chicken usually consisting of the liver, heart, neck and gizzard. Giblets can be inconsistent ingredients with constantly changing proportions and questionable nutritional value.

Chicken liver is the hepatic gland of a chicken. Chicken liver is used primarily to enhance the flavor of pet foods. The liver filters toxins from the blood and can potentially contain a disproportionate amount of these poisons.

Chicken liver digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed chicken liver tissue. Chicken liver digest is used by some manufacturers as a flavor enhancer. The liver's function is to process toxins. However, these toxins may remain in the organs after slaughter.

Chicken liver meal is the dried product of ground hepatic glands of chickens. The liver filters toxins from the blood, and could contain disproportionate amounts of these toxins.

Chicken meal is the dry rendered (cooked down) product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts of whole carcasses of chicken -- exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, or entrails. Chicken meal is considered to be the single best source of protein in commercial pet foods.

Chicory is derived from the root of the chicory plant, which after it has been dried and roasted, consists of mainly compounded sugars, and more specifically, fructose (fruit-sugar). There is currently no official AAFCO definition. Chicory root is a thick-rooted, usually blue-flowered European perennial composite herb, widely grown for its roots and as a salad plant. It is a member of the sunflower family. Chicory root is a mannanoligosaccharide added as a prebiotic to aid in digestion. The prebiotic feeds the probiotic, and hinders the growth of bad bacteria in the pet's digestive tract. In addition to enhancing digestive processes, chicory helps to keep the liver healthy. The inclusion of chicory root supplements in the diet supports the proper metabolism of cholesterol and the body's ability to absorb calcium, a nutrient that helps build and maintain strong teeth and bones.

Chondroitin sulfate is a long chain carbohydrate derived from connective tissue.
Chondroitin sulfate naturally occurs in the cartilage cushioning our joints. Given in additional amounts, with glucosamine, it is believed to attract fluid back into joint cartilage, stimulating the rebuilding of the cartilage matrix and playing a role in the fight against osteoarthritis.

Corn cellulose is obtained from the cell walls of corn. Corn cellulose is a chemically treated ingredient .

Corn germ meal is ground corn germ which consists of corn germ with other parts of the corn kernel from which part of the oil has been removed and is obtained from either a wet or dry milling manufacturing process of corn meal, corn grits, hominy feed, or other corn products. Although corn germ meal contains the 10 essential amino acids that pets require, it has lowered amounts of methionine, arginine and taurine. Pet food companies utilize lower quality protein sources (protein fillers) like corn germ meal that have a lower biological value (percentage of protein absorbed and retained) than protein derived from high quality animal sources.

Corn gluten feed is that part of the commercial shelled corn that remains after the extraction of the larger portion of the starch, gluten, and germ by the processes employed in the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or syrup. Corn gluten feed is an inexpensive by-product of human food processing. It offers very little nutritional value and serves mainly to bind food together.

Corn gluten meal is the dried residue from corn after the removal of the larger part of the starch and germ, and the separation of the bran by the process employed in the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or syrup, or by enzymatic treatment of the endosperm.

Corn gluten meal is a low ash source of protein and acts as a urine acidifier in some cat/kitten formulas.
Cats vs. Dogs: While not the best quality source of protein, the use of corn gluten in small amounts offer preventive health benefits for cats. In addition, unlike dogs, cats do not usually show signs of allergic reactions to corn products.

Corn grits are coarsely ground grains from which the bran and germ have been removed, usually screened to uniform particle size. Corn grits would be considered a grain fraction, missing its complete host of nutrients.

Corn meal is the entire corn kernel, finely ground. Corn products are commonly used in pet foods as a main protein source. Because corn products are lacking in certain amino acids such as methionine, arginine and taurine, they are not as nutritious as high quality meats.

Corn starch is the dried product resulting from the processing of corn into its starchy components. Corn products are commonly used in pet foods as a main protein source. Because corn products are lacking in certain amino acids such as methionine, arginine and taurine, they are not as nutritious as high quality meats.

Corn syrup enzymes are added to corn starch, and it is turned into a syrupy mixture of glucose, dextrose and maltose.

Corn oil is obtained from the endosperm of corn kernels. Although corn oil is a single-source oil, it is lower in the essential linoleic acids which provide a lustrous coat and soft, supple skin.

Cottage cheese is the result of separating milk or cream into curds and whey. The curds are drained and pressed to form the soft, white, spoonable cheese. Cottage cheese is an excellent source of calcium, phosphorus, protein and vitamins. Cottage cheese has only trace amounts of lactose.

Cranberries are the edible fruit of the cranberry plant. Cranberries are excellent antioxidant food (Flavonoids) and are high in Vitamin C.

Cranberry meal is the edible fruit of the cranberry plant that has been dried and ground.

Cranberry powder is the dehydrated form of the cranberry plant.

D

Deboned chicken is the clean flesh without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of chicken- exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. Deboned chicken is highly digestible, an excellent source of amino acids and a good quality protein, and is very palatable.

Defluorinated phosphate is a source of calcium, used as a dietary supplement. Calcium builds and maintains strong bones and teeth, regulates heartbeat and other muscle contractions, and is necessary for proper blood clotting. Defluorinated phosphate includes either calcined, fused, precipitated, or reacted calcium phosphate.

Dehulled oats are whole oats that have had the outer covering of the grain removed.
Dehulled oats has much of its natural fiber removed.

Dehydrated mixed vegetables are the product obtained by removal or separation of water from unspecified vegetables. There is no knowing with this ingredient what vegetables are present, or what their nutrient value is.

Dehulled soybean meal is the product obtained by grinding the flakes which remain after the removal of most of the oil and the outer covering of the soybean seed by a solvent or mechanical extraction process. Dehulled soybean meal is a poor quality protein filler. The 'crude protein' analysis on pet food labels is only a measurement of the amount of nitrogen in a food--not the quality of the protein. Because of this, pet food companies can use the cheaper by-products of human food production, such as soybean meal, to boost protein numbers. Meat is always the best source of quality protein. Meat protein is better absorbed and retained and is higher in essential amino acids like methionine, arginine, and taurine. Soybean meal has biologic value less than 50% of that of chicken meal.

Dicalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid. Dicalcium phosphate provides both calcium and phosphorus, which are vital for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. Calcium also regulates heartbeat and other muscle contractions and is necessary for proper blood clotting. Phosphorus plays an important part in the body's energy production.

Digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed animal tissue. Digest is a palatability enhancer which can contain unpredictable parts from animals of unknown origin.

Dried beet pulp is the dried residue from sugar beets which has been cleaned, freed from crowns, leaves, and sand, and extracted in the process of manufacturing sugar. Dried beet pulp is added to some pet foods to act as a fibrous stool hardener.

Dried carrots are the roots of the carrot plant that have had the moisture removed. Dried carrots are a natural source of Bet-Carotene and fiber.

Dried cheese is the product obtained by dehydrating cheeses. No more than 10% of the fat may be other than milk fat.

Dried eggs are USDA-inspected whole eggs, without the shell, in a dehydrated form

Dried kelp is dried seaweed of the families Laminariacae and Fucaeae. Kelp is a general term used to describe large brown seaweeds. Seaweeds have been used throughout the world for centuries as a rich source of natural organic minerals and vitamins like iodine, potassium and calcium. The thyroid gland depends upon minerals, especially iodine, to function properly and to secrete adequate amounts of thyroxin and trilodothyronine. These hormones influence metabolic rate and body temperature. Kelp is not only rich in iodine, but is also an additional natural source of beta-carotene, B vitamins and vitamin C.

Dried milk protein is obtained by drying the coagulated protein residue resulting from the controlled co-precipitation of casein, lactalbumin, and minor milk proteins from defatted milk. In layman's terms, dried milk protein is the dried residue that results from separating protein parts from milk.

Dried peas are from the "Green Vegetable" food group. Green peas are a fresh vegetable source of protein and contain a good source of vitamin A. Most dogs find the flavor appealing.

Dried potatoes are the result of removing the moisture from the potato.

Dried skim milk is the residue obtained by drying defatted milk.

Dried whey is the product obtained by removing water from whey. Whey is the watery part of milk. Dried whey contains 11% protein and over 60% lactose (milk sugar), which can cause digestive problems for dogs who are lactose-intolerant.

Dried yeast is the dried, non-fermented yeast which has been separated from the medium in which it was grown. Although yeast is a good source of Vitamin B, there is the potential for allergic sensitivities in many animals.

Duck is the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of duck or a combination thereof - exclusive of feathers, heads, feet and entrails. Duck is an excellent source of protein and includes important amino acids for healthy skin and coats.

E

Egg is the part or whole of the reproductive body produced by hens. Eggs are an excellent source of protein, with naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids.

Egg product is product obtained from egg graders, egg breakers, and/or hatchery operations that is dehydrated, handled as liquid, or frozen. Egg product consists of the unused leftovers from eggs for human production. It can include undeveloped eggs, shells, and other tissues unfit for human consumption.

Ethoxyquin is a chemical preservative that is not approved for human use.

Extruded soybeans are the product resulting from extrusion by friction heat and/or steam, whole soybeans without removing any of the component parts. Whole ground extruded soybeans are used in some foods as a supplemental protein ingredient. Although the product has been processed to eliminate the 'bloat' often associated with soybeans, this ingredient can still pose a problem for animals allergic to soy. No soy product has the biologic protein value of meat ingredients, such as chicken meat or chicken meal (dried chicken meat).

F

Feeding oat meal is obtained in the manufacture of rolled oat groats or rolled oats and consists of broken oat groats, oat groat chips, and floury portions of the oat groats, with only such quantity of finely ground oat hulls as is unavoidable in the usual process of commercial milling. Feeding oat meal is a fractionated grain which results from processing oats for human consumption. It is missing the nutritional value of whole oats, as the hull and portions of the endosperm are missing. (See the ingredient description for Oatmeal

Fish is any of various cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, commonly fins, and typically an elongated body covered with scales according to Webster's dictionary.

Fish broth is obtained by cooking fish and/or other marine animal products, including bones, shells, parts, and/or muscle, but not including fish solubles. Fish broth adds moisture while enhancing the protein level and palatability, rather than diluting it. It contains Omega 3 essential fatty acids, which play a vital role in the structures of cell membranes. Essential fatty acids stimulate growth, benefit skin and hair, influence the inflammatory response and affect the development of the nervous system, including the brain.

Fish meal is the clean, rendered (cooked down), dried ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil.
Fish meal is made from unspecified types of fish.

Fish oil is the oil from rendering (cooking down) whole fish. According to AAFCO definition, fish oil can contain cannery refuse; damaged, defective, or superfluous edible material produced during, or left over from, a manufacturing or industrial process. Many pet food manufacturers use this generic type of oil.

Flaxseed (also known as linseed) is the whole seed of the flax plant. What makes flaxseed so outstanding is its mix in both soluble and insoluble fiber. Together these fibers aid in digestion and help to prevent constipation, thereby offering protection against cancer. Flaxseed is also an excellent source of Omega 6 and Omega 3 essential fatty acids. These fatty acids help produce the soft, luxuriant coat on your pet. The richest source of alpha-linoleic acid is found in flaxseed.

Flaxseed meal is the ground product obtained from the seed of the flax plant. Flaxseed meal is a good source of Omega 6 and Omega 3 essential fatty acids. These fatty acids help produce the soft, luxuriant coat on your pet.

G

Garlic is the whole clove of the garlic plant. Garlic is valued for its anti-oxidant properties, as well as its enjoyable flavor. When comparing ingredients in pet foods, it pays to ask about the source of the ingredients. Are they human-grade? Are they fresh, dried, powdered, or otherwise processed? These characteristics affect both the flavor and nutritional value of the final product.

Glucosamine hydrochloride is a compound that occurs naturally in the cartilage cushioning the joints. Glucosamine, together with chondroitin sulfate, is believed to stimulate the rebuilding of the cartilage matrix and to play a role in the fight against osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is made up of sugars (glucose) and amino acids (glutamine).

Grain fermentation solubles are the dried material resulting from drying the water soluble materials after separation of suspended solids from grain fermentation.
Grain fermentation solubles are an inexpensive byproduct of human food and beverage production which add little or no nutritional value to pet foods.

Grape pomace is the dried mixture of grape skins, pulp and crushed seeds that remain after the processing of grapes for juice. Grape pomace is a by-product of juice manufacturing. Grapes are not notable for their nutrient content and contain low to moderate amounts of vitamins and minerals.

Grape seed oil is a polyunsaturated oil from the grape seed. Grape seed oil is a good source of essential fatty acids and is rich in antioxidants.

Green beans, a member of the legume family, are grown primarily for their fleshy pods. They are also called snap beans or string beans. Green beans are high in vitamin A and C and are low in calories.

Green peas are a variable annual leguminous Eurasian vine that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible seeds. Green peas are a fresh vegetable source of protein and contain a good source of vitamin A.

Ground barley is the entire barley kernel, ground or chopped. Ground barley is a good quality source of carbohydrates. The entire barley kernel contributes additional protein, barley oil, bran, vitamins and minerals to the diet. This is in contrast to the fractionated grain ingredients, such as cracked pearl barley or barley flour, which are leeched of much of their nutritional value.

Ground brown rice is the entire product obtained in grinding the rice kernels after the hulls have been removed. Ground brown rice is a high quality source of carbohydrates, B vitamins and natural fiber. Ground brown rice is slightly less digestible than ground (white) rice.

Ground millet is any of various cereal grasses cultivated for grain or fodder. According to the Encyclopedia Brittanica, millet is an important food staple in much of Asia, Russia, and western Africa. In the United States and Western Europe, millet grains are used chiefly for pasture or to produce hay. The nutrient content in millet is not as biologically available to animals as other grains. Ground millet is highly digestible and has a nice "nutty" flavor.

Ground rice is the de-hulled rice kernel, ground or chopped, with the bran removed -- known as white rice. Rice is a high quality source of carbohydrates and is the most digestible grain for pet foods and is relatively hypo-allergenic. Some manufacturers use rice fractions, such as rice polishings, rice bran, or brewers rice, which have been leeched of much of their nutritional value. Brown rice comes from the same plant as white rice, but has the bran intact.

Ground wheat is the entire wheat kernel, ground or chopped. Ground wheat is a good quality source of carbohydrates. Because it includes the entire wheat kernel, it contributes additional protein, wheat oil, bran, and vitamins and minerals to the diet. This is in contrast to the fractionated wheat ingredients used by some manufacturers such as wheat bran, wheat flour or wheat middlings, which are leeched of much of their nutritional value. The downside to any wheat ingredient is that wheat is a common allergen for animals.

Ground yellow corn is the entire corn kernel, ground or chopped. Corn products are commonly used in pet foods as a main protein source. Because corn products are lacking in certain amino acids such as methionine, arginine and taurine, they are not as nutritious as high quality meats.

Guar gum is derived from the ground endosperm of the guar plant. It is a gelatinous substance from the legume family that contains protein and polysaccharides. There is currently no official AAFCO definition for guar gum but is considered GRAS (generally recognized as safe). Guar gum is used as an emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer in foods. Several studies have found significant decreases in cholesterol levels after administration of guar gum in humans. These decreases are thought to be a function of the high soluble fiber content of guar. Guar gum is highly digestible and has a low caloric content.

H

Hemp oil is the oil obtained from the pressing of hemp seeds. Hemp oil provides an excellent balance of Omega 3 and Omega 6 essential fatty acids. These fatty acids are necessary for skin and coat health, especially during the period of rapid growth and development that occurs in puppies. Hemp oil comes from the seed of the hemp plant, not from the leaves and blossoms that are narcotic. Hemp oil does not contain marijuana or THC (the psychoactive component of marijuana) and will not make your dog "high".

Herring is the clean tissue of undecomposed whole herring or herring cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oils. Herring is an excellent single-source protein. It is also an excellent source of Omega 3 essential fatty acids.

Herring meal is the clean, rendered (cooked down), dried ground tissue of undecomposed whole herring or herring cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. Herring meal is a good source of Omega 3 essential fatty acids.

I

Iodized salt is a common table salt used to enhance flavor. Most pet food ingredients contain enough sodium to meet a dog or cat's nutritional needs.

K

Kibbled corn consists of the dry product obtained by cooking cracked corn under steam pressure and extruding from an expeller or other mechanical pressure device. Corn products are commonly used in pet foods as a main protein source. Because corn products are lacking in certain amino acids such as methionine, arginine and taurine, they are not as nutritious as high quality meats.

Kibbled wheat is obtained by cooking cracked wheat under steam pressure and extruding from an expeller or other mechanical pressure device. Wheat is a good quality source of carbohydrates. However, the downside to any wheat ingredient is that it is a common allergen for some animals.

Kidneys are one of a pair of organs in the body that excrete waste products of metabolism. Then consists chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected and discharged into the bladder. When the name of an organ appears by itself on the pet food label, there is no way to know which kind of animal it came from. It could be from a horse, goat, duck, pig or even skunk or other animals of questionable origin.

L

Lamb consists of lamb tissue, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents. Before you buy a product containing lamb or lamb meal (dried lamb), ask the manufacturer about the origin of the lamb they use.

Lamb byproducts consist of the rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered lambs, such as heads, feet, and viscera, free from fecal content and foreign matter except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Lamb by-products are an inconsistent ingredient because of the multiple organs used, their constantly changing proportions and their questionable nutritional value. Lamb by-products are much less expensive and less digestible than lamb meal.

Lamb digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed lamb tissue. Lamb digest is a palatability enhancer made by reducing (cooking down) lamb meat and fat into a concentrated liquid or dry product.

Lamb liver is the hepatic gland of a lamb. Lamb liver is used primarily to enhance the flavor of pet foods. The liver filters toxins from the blood and can contain a potentially disproportionate amount of these toxins.

Lamb meal is the dry rendered (cooked down) product from lamb tissues, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Lamb meal is simply lamb meat with the moisture removed, making it suitable for use in dry food. Before you buy a product containing lamb meal, ask the manufacturer about the origin of the lamb meal they use.

Lamb stock is obtained by steam cooking USDA edible, fresh, wholesome lamb bones containing meat and muscle tissue at least 3 hours at a minimum temperature of 180 degrees F and then drying the extracted broth. Lamb stock is the result of cooking lamb bones in water.

Lecithin is a specific phospholipid and the principal constituent of crude phosphatides derived from oil-bearing seeds. Lecithin is essential for normal fatty acid transport within cells. It is obtained chiefly from soybeans, corn and egg yolk.

Liver is the hepatic gland of a mammal. When the word 'meat' or the name of an organ appear by themselves on a pet food label, there is no way to know which kind of animal it came from. It could be horse liver, goat, duck, pig, or even skunk or other animals of questionable origin. In addition, the liver functions as a filter for blood toxins and may contain unusually high residues from these poisons.

Liver digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed liver tissue. Liver digest is used by some manufacturers as a flavor enhancer. The liver's function is to process toxins, which may remain in the organs after slaughter.

Liver meal is the dried product of ground hepatic glands of mammals. When the word 'meat' or the name of an organ appear by themselves on a pet food label, there is no way to know which kind of animal it came from. It could be horse liver, goat, duck, pig, or even skunk or other animals of questionable origin. Liver is used to filter toxins in the blood and may contain a disproportionate amount of these residues.

Locust bean gum is a natural extract from the seed of the carob tree. Locust bean gum is used as a thickener and stabilizer in food, to help hold ingredients together for a consistent mixture.

M

Mackerel the clean tissue of undecomposed whole mackerel and/or mackerel cuttings. And, mackerel is a food fish of the North Atlantic. There is currently no official AAFCO definition for mackerel. Mackerel is an excellent single-source protein. It is also an excellent source of Omega 3 essential fatty acids, which play a vital role in the structures of cell membranes. Essential fatty acids stimulate growth, benefit skin and hair, influence the inflammatory response and affect the development of the nervous system, including the brain.

Meat broth is obtained by cooking meat from a mammal, including bones and /or muscle, in much the same process as making a stock. There is currently no specific definition by AAFCO for meat broth. Meat broth, which can be from any type of mammal, adds moisture and increases the protein and palatability level of food. Beef can be an allergen for many dogs and a common cause of skin irritations.

Meat byproducts are the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered mammals. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth and hoofs. Meat byproducts are not meat. They can include almost any part of the animal other than meat. Because any mammal can be used, cheaper meats like horse, pig, or goat are often included. In addition, organ byproducts (such as liver) may contain chemical residues and other elements of decomposition which raise serious health questions.

Meat flavors of our dog foods come from only select human-grade cuts of meat, and no organ tissues are used.

Meat meal or meat & bone meal is the rendered product from mammal tissues, with or without bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Most people associate this ingredient with beef. The truth is that it can come from any mammal: pigs, goats, horses, rabbits, rendered animals from shelters, and dead animals found on roads. Meat meal can contain condemned parts and animals that are rejected for human consumption, including '4D' animals: dead, diseased, dying, or disabled. It can include pus, cancerous tissue, and decomposed (spoiled) tissue. This inexpensive ingredient found in many commercial pet foods cannot be considered part of a safe, healthy diet for pets.

Menhaden fish meal is the clean, dried, ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. Menhaden fishmeal, a type of fish not suitable for human consumption, is a good source of protein, oils, Omega fatty acids and is highly palatable.

Minerals are inorganic substances essential for a host of vital processes within the body. AAFCO regulates minimum standard quantities of vitamins and minerals in levels that pets need to survive. All pet food manufacturers supplement their products with vitamins and minerals. Chelated minerals provide three to ten times greater assimilation than common minerals.

* Calcium Carbonate provides for strong bones and teeth, helps regulate blood clotting and promotes the use of amino acids.
* Calcium Iodate is a mineral which provides strong bones and teeth. It helps regulate blood clotting and promotes the use of amino acids.
* Cobalt Carbonate promotes red blood cell formation.
* Cobalt Proteinate (chelated cobalt) is a trace mineral that promotes red blood cell formation. It is required for the production of Vitamin B12.
* Copper Proteinate (a chelated source of Manganese) promotes red blood cell formation.
* Copper Sulfate promotes red blood cell formation and is a catalyst for the storage and release of iron for the formation of hemoglobin.
* Ferrous Sulfate is an elemental iron. It prevents anemia and poor growth in puppies. It forms part of several proteins and enzymes in the body.
* Iron Proteinate (a chelated iron) prevents anemia and poor growth in puppies. It forms part of several proteins and enzymes in the body.
* Manganese Proteinate ( a chelated source of Manganese) promotes cartilage and bone growth.
* Manganese Sulfate promotes cartilage and bone growth.
* Potassium Chloride promotes regular heartbeat, works in maintaining the transfer of nutrients to cells and works in conjunction with sodium to maintain water balance in tissue and cells.
* Sodium Selenite is a mineral that regulates the fluid balance in the body. It is extremely important in maintaining blood pressure.
* Zinc Oxide is an antioxidant that promotes a healthy skin and coat, aids in healing wounds and normal growth development.
* Zinc Proteinate (a chelated source of Zinc) is an antioxidant which promotes healing of wounds and normal growth development.
* Zinc Sulfate is a mineral and antioxidant.

N

Natural flavors are minimally processed flavor ingredients that do not contain synthetic or artificial components.

Naturox is a registered trademark that is an all natural free flowing antioxidant for use in the preservations of oils, fats, fat soluble vitamins, flavors, aromas, carotenoids and other oxygen-sensitive material.

Norwegian kelp is high in protein and biologically complete in that it provides eight essential amino acids.

O

Oat bran is the coarse outer covering of the oat kernel as separated from cleaned and scoured oat in the usual process of commercial milling. Oat bran is an oat fraction, missing the full complement of nutrients that are present in whole oats. (See the ingredient listing for oatmeal.)

Oat flour is the finely ground and bolted meal obtained from milling oats. This is a highly pre-processed ingredient, missing many of the naturally occurring vitamins which have been leeched out by the processing.

Oat groats are cleaned oats with the hulls removed. Oats are a good source of carbohydrates, rich in B Vitamins, and an excellent source of fiber.

Oatmeal is the dry ground product of cleaned oats with the hulls removed. Oatmeal is a good source of carbohydrate energy. Oatmeal is a natural, healthy grain that's rich in B vitamins. It also provides balanced amino acids, which are essential for building and maintaining healthy muscle tissue. This is in contrast to the fractionated oat ingredients used by some manufacturers such as oat bran, oat flour or feeding oatmeal, which have been leeched of much of their nutritional value.

Ocean fish is undecomposed whole fish or cuttings, with or without part of the fish oils. Ocean fish can be comprised of any type of fish, with constantly changing proportions and questionable nutritional value.

Onion powder is a dried flavoring ingredient made by processing the dry matter from broth into granular form. Onion powder, although a pleasant flavoring for human foods, is not necessary in pet products. It is a highly pre-processed ingredient

P

Pea fiber is an absorptive vegetable derived from cleaned and processed pea hulls. Pea fiber is a useful substance that helps regulate the bowels to help prevent constipation or diarrhea.

Peanut butter is made by grinding the peanut kernel and adding salt, sweetener and a stabilizer to keep the oil from separating. Peanut butter is in the legume or dried bean family. Peanut butter contains, by law, a minimum of 90% peanuts, with no artificial sweeteners, colors or preservatives and contains mostly beneficial monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

Pearled barley is barley that has been dehulled by machine brushing. Pearled barley has the bran removed but leaves the endosperm and germ intact, thereby contributing additional protein, barley oil and vitamins and minerals to the diet.

Pears are a fleshy pome fruit that is borne by a tree of the rose family and is related to the apple. Pears contain vitamin A, and if the skin is eaten, provide a good source of dietary fiber.

Peas (green) are a variable annual leguminous Eurasian vine that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible seeds. Green peas are a fresh vegetable source of protein and contain a good source of vitamin A.

Pork meal is the dry rendered (cooked down) product from a combination of clean flesh and skin (with or without accompanying bone), derived from the parts of whole carcasses of pigs or a combination thereof -- exclusive of head, feet or entrails. In general, pork is an approved ingredient but there are palatability issues with pork as compared to other meats. It is difficult to make a highly palatable pet food using pork without adding flavor enhancers. Another problem is that there is an inadequate supply of pork meal that is free from by-products. One word of caution: You should know that problems could arise when cured pork is fed regularly (e.g. bacon). It is high in salt, sugar and sodium nitrite (which has been linked to stomach cancer). All of these substances in high concentrations are unhealthy, and dogs are particularly sensitive to nitrites, which can cause severe reactions in susceptible dogs.

Potatoes provide B vitamins, carbohydrates, zinc, vitamin C, copper, iron, magnesium, niacin and potassium.

Potato product consists of potato pieces, peeling, culls, etc., obtained from the manufacture of processed potato products for human consumption.

Poultry is the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of poultry or a combination of thereof - exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. Poultry is an unpredictable ingredient, which can contain any type of fowl, including buzzards, geese, and other birds.

Poultry byproduct meal consists of the ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcasses of slaughtered poultry, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines -- exclusive of feathers except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. This is a low-quality, inconsistent ingredient, with multiple organs used, constantly changing proportions, and questionable nutritional value. The origin can be any fowl (turkeys, ducks, geese, buzzards, etc.), instead of a single source, like chicken. Poultry by-product meal is much less expensive and less digestible than chicken meal.

Poultry digest is a palatability enhancer made by reducing (cooking down) meat and fat into concentrated liquid or dry product. Poultry digest can be made from any fowl (turkey, geese, buzzards, etc.) This is an inconsistent ingredient which can contain unpredictable birds unsuitable for human consumption.

Poultry fat is obtained from the tissues of poultry in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. Poultry fat is a byproduct of meat processing. The origin of the contributing animals is never known; the source can be any fowl (turkey, chicken, geese, buzzard, etc.) and the resulting oil is very low in linoleic acid -- an essential fatty acid that is important for skin and coat health.

Poultry giblets are the internal organs of any type of bird. This is a low-quality, inconsistent ingredient, with constantly changing proportions, and questionable nutritional value. The origin can be any fowl (turkeys, ducks, geese, buzzards, etc.), instead of a single source, like chicken. Poultry giblets are much less expensive and less digestible than chicken.

Poultry liver digest is a palatability enhancer made by cooking down this organ from poultry (any type of poultry including turkey, geese, buzzards, etc.) into a concentrated liquid or dry product. Poultry liver digest can be made from the liver of any fowl. The ambiguous nature of the source animal and the potential for toxic residues remaining in the liver lead to questionable nutritional value.

Poultry meal is the dry rendered product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts of whole carcasses or a combination thereof -- exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. Poultry is an unpredictable ingredient, which can include any type of fowl, including buzzards, geese, and other birds, with constantly changing proportions, and questionable nutritional value.

Powdered cellulose is purified, mechanically disintegrated cellulose prepared by processing alpha cellulose obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant materials. Powdered cellulose is a fancy term for wood. Dried wood is cleaned and processed into a fine powder and used to add bulk and consistency to cheap pet foods.

Prebiotics are mannanoligosaccharides; complex sugars which provide a nutrient source for normal intestinal bacteria. Prebiotics are special carbohydrates that work together with probiotics to stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria and also impede the growth of disease-causing bacteria. This contributes to better intestinal tract health and better overall health for the animal. Prebiotics and their probiotic partners are added to food after the cooking process to preserve their properties.

Probiotics include Streptococcus Faecium, Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Lactobacillus Casei, and Lactobacillus Plantarum. These important probiotics are added to help prevent disease and sickness. They are especially critical for dogs and cats that are under stress from shipping, showing, surgery, and kennel stays. Probiotics and their prebiotic partners are added the food after the cooking process to preserve their properties.

Psyllium husk, used as a fiber supplement, is obtained by milling the seed of the plant Plantago ovata to remove the hulls. It is a class of plant carbohydrate that resists digestion hydrolysis. Psyllium husk is a useful substance that helps regulate the bowels to help prevent constipation or diarrhea.

Q

Quinoa is a pigweed whose seeds are ground and widely used as food. It is not a true cereal grain, but the botanical fruit of an herb plant. It is treated as a grain in cooking. Quinoa is a good source of protein and nutrients

R

Red peppers are a pungent, red, pod like fruit of the pepper plant. Red peppers are especially high in vitamin C and antioxidants and would be an excellent addition to any pet food.

Rice bran is the pericarp or bran layer and germ of the rice. Rice bran is a grain fraction, an inexpensive source of fiber that is considered a filler ingredient.

Rice flour consists principally of the soft, finely ground and bolted meal obtained from milling rice (containing essentially the starch and gluten of the endosperm) together with fine particles of rice bran and the offal from the 'tail of the mill.' Whenever flour is part of an ingredient's name, the grain has been processed and some (or all) of the nutritional value has been lost. Frequently these flour ingredients are simply the leftover dust from processing human food ingredients.

Rice gluten meal is the dried residue from rice after the removal of the larger part of the starch and germ, and separation of the bran by the process employed in the wet milling manufacture of rice starch or syrup, or by enzymatic treatment of the endosperm. The availability of nutrients in carbohydrate ingredients is dependent upon the digestibility of the grain. Rice gluten meal has an above average amino acid profile and has a substantially higher biological value than either corn gluten or wheat gluten. Rice gluten is an excellent option for any pet allergic to wheat or corn. It is ideal for use in cat foods not only for its hypo-allergenic qualities, but for its low ash content.

Rice hulls consists primarily of the outer covering of the rice. Rice hulls are a grain fraction, an inexpensive source of fiber that is considered a filler ingredient.

Rice protein concentrate is the concentrated protein fraction of rice grains resulting from the rice wet milling process. Rice protein concentrate is a good source of hypoallergenic protein for pet foods

Rosemary is an evergreen shrub of Rosemarinus Officinalis. Rosemary, along with its cancer prevention properties, is a highly effective preservative.

Rye flour is an excellent source of dietary minerals and nutritional fiber.

S

Safflower oil is obtained by extracting oil from safflower seeds. Although this is a very high quality source of fat (rich in linoleic acid), it is not very palatable

Salmon is a marine and freshwater food fish. There is currently no official AAFCO definition for salmon. Salmon is an excellent single-source protein. It is also an excellent source of Omega 3 essential fatty acids, which play a vital role in the structures of cell membranes. Essential fatty acids stimulate growth, benefit skin and hair, influence the inflammatory response and affect the development of the nervous system, including the brain.

Salmon fish meal is the clean, rendered, dried ground tissue of undecomposed salmon or salmon cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. Salmon fish meal is a good source of essential fatty acids and is a palatable ingredient for cats.

Salt is a natural mineral, necessary for life and good health. Most pet food ingredients contain enough sodium to meet a dog or cat's nutritional needs.

Sea salt, also known as solar salt, is a natural mineral necessary for life and good health. Even though regular salt (mined) and sea salt (solar) come from different places, by the time they make it onto the market, they are practically identical in every way, including nutritional value. Most pet food ingredients contain enough sodium to meet a dog's or cat's nutritional needs.

Sorghum is the ground grain of the sorghum plant. Sorghum is a member of the grass family; its leaves and stalk resemble corn but it does not have ears. Although sorghum is good source of carbohydrates, it is low in digestibility.

Soy flour is the finely powdered material resulting from the screened and graded product after removal of most of the oil from selected, sound, cleaned and dehulled soybeans by a mechanical or solvent extraction process. Whenever flour is part of an ingredient's name, the grain has been processed and some (or all) of the nutritional value has been lost. Frequently these flour ingredients are simply the leftover dust from processing human food ingredients.

Soy protein concentrate is the clean dehulled soybean seeds that have had most of the oil and water soluble non-protein constituents removed. Although soy protein concentrate contains the 10 essential amino acids that pets require, it has lowered amounts of methionine, arginine and taurine. Pet food companies utilize lower quality protein sources (protein fillers) like soy protein concentrate that have a lower biological value (percentage of protein absorbed and retained) than protein derived from high quality animal sources. Soybeans are often GMO (genetically modified organisms) and have been altered through laboratory processes. Soybeans have also been linked to allergic reactions in pets, causing skin irritation.

Soybean is a leguminous plant similar to the lentil. Soy has been known to cause allergic reactions in some pets. Research has shown that soybeans contain potent enzyme inhibitors which block the action of trypsin and other enzymes needed for protein digestion. This can lead to gastric distress in some animals

Soybean hulls consist primarily of the outer covering of the soybean. Soybean hulls are used exclusively as a filler ingredient and have no nutritional value whatsoever.

Soybean meal is the product obtained by grinding the flakes which remain after removal of most of the oil from soybeans by a solvent or mechanical extraction process. Soybean meal is a poor quality protein filler. The "Crude Protein" analysis on pet food labels is only a measurement of the amount of nitrogen in a food -- not the quality of the protein. (Because of this, pet food companies can use the cheaper by-products of human food production, such as soybean meal, to boost protein numbers.) Meat is always the best source of quality protein. Meat protein is better absorbed and retained and is higher in essential amino acids like methionine, arginine, and taurine. Soybean meal has a biologic value less than 50% of that of chicken meal.

Soybean mill run is composed of soybean hulls and such bean meats that adhere to the hulls which results from normal milling operations in the production of dehulled soybean meal. Commonly referred to as 'floor sweepings,' this ingredient is nothing more than an inexpensive filler with little or no nutritional value.

Soybean oil is obtained by extracting oil from soybeans. Soybean oil is low among vegetable oils in linoleic acid.

Spinach is an annual vegetable plant grown for its leaves. Fresh spinach leaves are a rich source of Vitamin A, C and iron. This is a an excellent addition to any pet food.

Spirulina (cyanobacteria) is a microscopic blue-green algae and found mostly in open fresh water lakes and ponds. These primitive plants are cultivated for nutritional use, dried and sold as dark green powders or tablets. They are very expensive and heavily promoted as miracle supplements. They are good sources of chlorophyll, but there is little or no research supporting the claims made about the algae.

Spray dried chicken liver is a dried flavoring ingredient made from a broth containing chicken liver. The liver's function is to process toxins, which may remain in the organs after slaughter. Sprayed-on flavorings are an inexpensive way for pet food manufacturers to cover up a lack of real meat ingredients.

Spring water is water from a naturally filtered source which has been labeled for human consumption. Water provides consistency in canned dog and cat foods.

Starch is a white, granular polymer of plant origin. It is the principal part of seed endosperm. Starch is used as a binder and a thickener in pet foods.

Steamed bone meal is the dried and ground product sterilized by cooking undecomposed bones with steam under pressure. Grease, gelatin and meat fiber may or may not be removed.

Sun cured alfalfa meal is the aerial portion of the alfalfa plant, reasonably free of other crop plants, weeds and mold, which has been sun cured and finely ground. Alfalfa is known for its excellent source of phytochemicals and phytoestrogens and their antioxidant effect stimulates the immune system. Alfalfa is a good source, also, of vitamin C, folate, vitamin A, niacin and pantothenic acid.

Sunflower oil is obtained by extracting oil from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil has a high concentration of linoleic acid (73%), which is important for good skin and coat health.

Sweet potatoes are a member of the morning glory family and unrelated to the white potato, a tuber.

T

Taurine is the 11th essential amino acid required by cats. Insufficient levels of taurine can lead to blindness and cardiac problems in cats. Meat is naturally high in taurine. Cats vs. Dogs: While dogs can synthesize taurine in their systems, cats cannot and must have additional amounts added to their diet for proper health.

Titanium dioxide color is an artificial chemical coloring.

Toasted oats are oats that have been browned, dried, or parched by exposure to a fire, or to gas or electric heat. This is a good carbohydrate source, but has been pre-processed through cooking.

Tomatoes are the edible berry of the tomato plant, of the nightshade family. Aside from their high Vitamin C content, recent research suggests that cooked tomatoes contain nutritional factors that are necessary for prostate health in human males. Like other recent health discoveries, these benefits may also apply to cats and dogs.

Tomato pomace is the mixture of tomato skins, pulp, and crushed seeds. This is an inexpensive byproduct with the potential for pesticide residues in discarded tomato skins, which are the largest component of tomato pomace.

Tuna is the clean tissue of undecomposed whole tuna or tuna cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oils.

Turkey is the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of chicken- exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. Chicken is an excellent source of protein.

Turkey broth is obtained by cooking turkey bones, parts, and/or muscle tissue.
Turkey broth adds moisture and flavor to canned foods and is a good source of fat and protein.

Turkey byproducts are the rendered clean parts of carcasses of slaughtered poultry such as heads, feet, viscera, free from fecal content and foreign matter except in such trace amounts as might occur unavoidably in good factory practice.

Turkey liver is the hepatic gland of a turkey. Turkey liver is used primarily to enhance the flavor of pet foods. The liver filters toxins from the blood and can potentially contain a disproportionate amount of these poisons.

Turkey meal is the dry rendered (cooked down) product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone derived from the parts of whole carcasses of turkey--exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, or entrails. Turkey meal is an excellent source of protein in commercial pet foods. This ingredient is very digestible and very palatable.

V

Vegetable gums comprise the starchy liquid that results when assorted vegetables are cooked. Vegetable gums are made by cooking down assorted vegetables until a thick, starchy gum is produced. In canned dog and cat foods, this helps hold ingredients together in a consistent mixture.

Vegetable oil is the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes. The source vegetables for this oil (and their nutrient properties) are unknown.

Venison consists of flesh and skin, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, hide trimmings, manure, stomach or rumen contents. There is currently no official AAFCO definition for venison. Venison is a very lean, low fat source of protein. It is very digestible and highly palatable, with a very distinctive flavor. This expensive meat as an alternative for pets that may have sensitivities to chicken or lamb.

Vitamins are organic compounds that function as parts of enzyme systems essential for the transmission of energy and the regulation of metabolisms of the body. AAFCO regulates minimum standard quantities of vitamins and minerals in levels that pets need to survive. All pet food manufacturers supplement their products with vitamins and minerals.

* Vitamin A Acetate is a fat-soluble vitamin which maintains a healthily coat and skin, promotes bone growth, protects against infection and is necessary for good eye health.
* Vitamin B12 Supplement promotes normal growth, development and helps prevent anemia.
* Vitamin D-3 Supplement is necessary for utilization of calcium and phosphorus and assimilation of Vitamin A.
* Vitamin E Supplement is a fat soluble vitamin which acts as an anti-blood clotting agent, promotes muscle growth and repair, improves the immune system promotes healing of skin problems and improves the heart and circulatory system. It is an antioxidant and preservative in food.
* Beta-carotene is a substance from plants that the body converts into Vitamin A. It also acts as an antioxidant and an immune system booster.
* Choline Chloride (Vitamin B4) influences the metabolism of carotene and vitamin A in animals. It is an essential component for ensuring the proper functioning of the nervous system.
* d-Calcium Pantothenate (Vitamin B5) aids in wound healing and protects against stress and infections.
* Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) promotes normal growth.
* Menodione Sodium Bisulfite Complex (source of Vitamin K activity)
* Niacin Supplement (Vitamin B3) maintains muscle tone and a healthy skin and coat.
* Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) is a coenzyme in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates and fat. It also promotes red blood cell formation, aids in maintaining a strong immune system and contributes to a healthy nervous system.
* Riboflavin Supplement (Vitamin B2) contributes to healthy vision.
* Thiamine Minonitrate (Vitamin B1) maintains normal functions of the nervous system and has flea repellent characteristics.

W

Water is undefined by AAFCO, so water from any source can be used. Municipal supplies are the most common source of water in popular pet food brands.

Wheat flour consists principally of the soft, finely ground and bolted meal obtained from milling wheat (containing essentially the starch and gluten of the endosperm) together with fine particles of wheat bran, wheat germ, and the offal from the tail of the mill. Whenever flour is part of an ingredient's name, the grain has been processed and some (or all) of the nutritional value has been lost. Frequently these flour ingredients are simply the leftover dust from processing human food ingredients. In addition, wheat and wheat by-products can cause allergic reactions in some animals.

Wheat germ is the embryo of the wheat kernel separated in milling. Although wheat germ is a good source of protein and vitamins, wheat and wheat by-products can cause allergic reactions in many dogs and cats.

Wheat germ meal consists chiefly of wheat germ together with some bran and middlings or shorts. It must contain not less than 25% crude protein and 7% crude fat. This can be a good source of protein but wheat can also be a potential allergen in some animals.

Wheat gluten is the tough, viscid nitrogenous substance remaining when wheat is washed to remove the starch. Wheat gluten is a cheap byproduct of human food processing, the result of washing wheat and letting the starchy liquid dry. It offers almost no nutritional value, and serves mostly to bind the food together.

Wheat mill run and middlings consist of coarse and fine particles of wheat bran and fine particles of wheat shorts, wheat germ, wheat flour and offal from the "tail of the mill." Commonly referred to as "floor sweepings," this ingredient is nothing more than inexpensive filler with little or no nutritional value. In addition, wheat and wheat byproducts can cause allergic reactions in some animals.

Whey protein concentrate is the product obtained by removal or separation of water, lactose and/or minerals from whey by ultra filtration, dehydration or other process.

Whitefish is the clean tissue of undecomposed whole whitefish and/or whitefish cuttings, any of several deepwater fishes of the family Coregonidae. There is currently no official AAFCO definition for whitefish. Whitefish is an excellent single-source protein. It is also an excellent source of Omega 3 essential fatty acids, which play a vital role in the structures of cell membranes. Essential fatty acids stimulate growth, benefit skin and hair, influence the inflammatory response and affect the development of the nervous system, including the brain.

Whole apples are an excellent source of dietary fiber, a natural source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. About 81 percent of the fiber is soluble; most of it is of a type called pectin. Apples provide both soluble and insoluble fiber, some vitamin C and beta-carotene, and potassium and boron. A member of the rose family, the apple has a compartmented core and is thus classified as a pome fruit.

Whole blueberries are the edible fruit of the blueberry bush. Blueberries are an excellent source of fiber, Vitamin C and antioxidants.

Whole corn is the whole corn kernel or the entire ear of corn without husks. Corn products are commonly used in pet foods as a main protein source. Because corn products are lacking in certain amino acids such as methionine, arginine and taurine, they are not as nutritious as high quality meats.

Whole clove garlic is a palatability enhancer and aids in repelling fleas and ticks.

Whole eggs are the whole of the reproductive body produced by hens, with the shell removed. Eggs are an excellent source of protein with naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids.

Whole grain wheat consists of the entire wheat kernel. Whole grain wheat is a good quality source of carbohydrates. Because it includes the entire wheat kernel, it contributes additional protein, wheat oil, bran, and vitamins and minerals to the diet. The downside to any wheat ingredient is that wheat is a common allergen for some animals.

Whole oats consist of the entire oat grain without processing. Whole oats are a good quality source of carbohydrates. The fractionated oat ingredients used by some manufacturers such as oat bran, feeding oat meal, or oat flour, are leeched of much of their nutritional value.

Whole pasteurized milk is fresh, lactose-free dairy milk for human consumption.

Whole raw carrots are the root of the carrot plant, a member of the parsley family.
Carrots provide flavor and important nutrients, including protector antioxidants.

Whole sweet potatoes are an excellent source of Complex Carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and Beta-carotene. The starch in sweet potatoes converts to sugar easily and provides quick energy.

Yeast culture is the dried product composed of yeast and the media on which it is grown, dried in such a manner as to preserve the fermenting activity of the yeast. Yeast culture is an unnecessary flavoring ingredient, used in inexpensive pet foods in an attempt to compensate for a lack of real food flavors. In addition, yeast is an allergen for some animals.

Y

Yogurt is the product resulting from the culturing of a mixture of milk and cream products with the lactic acid-producing bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Other bacterial cultures and select strains of bacteria may also be used. Sweeteners, flavorings, and other ingredients may be added. There is no official definition of yogurt by AAFCO. Yogurt is a very good source of calcium, protein, potassium and magnesium. It can aid in bone growth and maintenance.

Yucca schidigera is a supplement from the yucca plant. It is a natural digestive aid that can help reduce fecal odor, has been used for the treatment of arthritis and is rich in minerals. There is some evidence that consecutive use of yucca can interfere with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Z

Zucchini is a summer squash of bushy growth with smooth, cylindrical, usually dark green fruits. Summer squashes are more than 95 percent water, and so offer only a moderate amount of nutrients. The high water content, however, means that they are very low in calories. This is an inexpensive ingredient that contributes a small amount of vitamin C.